02095nas a2200169   4500008004100000245017700041210006900218300001200287490000900299520140900308653001601717100001501733700001601748700001701764700001901781856012501800       1995                        eng d00aMicrosatellite variation in honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera </i>L.) populations:  Hierarchical genetic structure and test of the infinite allele and stepwise  mutation models.0 aMicrosatellite variation in honey bee iApis mellifera iL populat  a679-6950 v14903 aSamples from nine populations belonging to three African (intermissa,  scutellata and capensis) and four European (mellifera, ligustica, carnica and  cecropia) Apis mellifera subspecies were scored for seven microsatellite  loci. A large amount of genetic variation (between seven and 30 alleles per  locus) was detected. Average heterozygosity and average number of alleles  were significantly higher in African than in European subspecies, in  agreement with larger effective population sizes in Africa. Microsatellite  analyses confirmed that A. mellifera evolved in three distinct and deeply  differentiated lineages previously detected by morphological and  mitochondrial DNA studies. Dendrogram analysis of workers from  given  population indicated that super-sisters cluster together when using a  sufficient number of microsatellite data whereas half-sisters do not. An  index of classification was derived to summarize the clustering of different  taxonomic levels in large phylogenetic trees based on individual genotypes.  Finally, individual population times loci data were used to test the adequacy  of the two alternative mutation models, the infinite allele model (IAM) and  the stepwise mutation models. The better fit overall of the IAM probably  results from the majority of the microsatellites used including repeats of  two or three different length motifs (compound microsatellites).10aHymenoptera1 aEstoup, A.1 aGarnery, L.1 aSolignac, M.1 aCornuet, J.-M.  uhttps://icgf.myspecies.info/content/microsatellite-variation-honey-bee-apis-mellifera-l-populations-hierarchical-genetic