02075nas a2200169 4500008004100000245011800041210006900159260002200228300001200250490000600262520144200268653001301710100002001723700001501743700001601758856013101774 2000 eng d00aMitochondrial DNA variation in the hybridizing fire-bellied toads, Bombina bombina and B. variegata0 aMitochondrial DNA variation in the hybridizing firebellied toads bBlackwell Synergy a891-8990 v93 aUsing five restriction enzymes, geographical variation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Bombina bombina and B. variegata was studied in samples from 20 locations. Each restriction enzyme produced a species-specific fragment pattern. B. bombina haplotypes A and B were closely related to each other. In contrast, haplotypes A and B of B. variegata formed two distinct lineages. A very distinctive haplotype (C) was found in the Carpathian Mountains, whereas two other haplotypes, D and E (differing by a single AvaI site), were present in western Europe and the Balkans, respectively. Populations polymorphic for haplotypes D and E occurred in the central Balkans where the haplotypes could replace each other clinally. mtDNA sequence divergence between B. bombina and B. variegata was estimated as 6.0-8.1% and 4.7-5.2% between type C and types D/E of B. variegata. The latter divergence is contrary to allozyme and morphological data that place the western and Carpathian B. v. variegata together (Nei's D = 0.07) and separate them from the Balkan subspecies B. v. scabra (Nei's D = 0.18). Broad interspecific correlation among morphology, allozymes and mtDNA types in European fire-bellied toads argues that, despite continuous hybridization (interrupted perhaps during Pleistocene glacial maxima), little or no mtDNA introgression between the species has occurred outside the narrow hybrid zones that separate these parapatric species.10aAmphibia1 aSzymura, J., M.1 aUzzell, T.1 aSpolsky, C. uhttps://icgf.myspecies.info/content/mitochondrial-dna-variation-hybridizing-fire-bellied-toads-bombina-bombina-and-b-variegata02783nas a2200169 4500008004100000245021500041210006900256260002200325300001200347490000600359520206100365653001302426100001902439700001402458700001402472856012702486 2000 eng d00aMitochondrial sequence analysis of Salamandra taxa suggests old splits of major lineages and postglacial recolonizations of Central Europe from distinct source populations of Salamandra salamandra0 aMitochondrial sequence analysis of iSalamandra itaxa suggests ol bBlackwell Synergy a397-4100 v93 aRepresentatives of the genus Salamandra occur in Europe, Northern Africa and the Near East. Many local variants are known but species and subspecies status of these is still a matter of dispute. We have analysed samples from locations covering the whole expansion range of Salamandra by sequence analysis of mitochondrial D-loop regions. In addition, we have calibrated the rate of divergence of the D-loop on the basis of geologically dated splits of the closely related genus Euproctus. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences suggests that six major monophyletic groups exist (S. salamandra, S. algira, S. infraimmaculata, S. corsica, S. atra and S. lanzai) which have split between 5 and 13 million years ago (Ma). We find that each of the Salamandra species occupies a distinct geographical area, with the exception of S. salamandra. This species occurs all over Europe from Spain to Greece, suggesting that it was the only species that has recolonized Central Europe after the last glaciation. The occurrence of specific east and west European haplotypes, as well as allozyme alleles in the S. salamandra populations suggests that this recolonization has started from at least two source populations, possibly originating in the Iberian peninsula and the Balkans. Two subpopulations of S. salamandra were found that are genetically very distinct from the other populations. One lives in northern Spain (S. s. bernardezi) and one in southern Italy (S. s. gigliolii). Surprisingly, the mitochondrial lineages of these subpopulations group closer together than the remainder S. salamandra lineages. We suggest that these populations are remnants of a large homogeneous population that had colonized Central Europe in a previous interglacial period, approximately 500 000 years ago. Animals from these populations were apparently not successful in later recolonizations. Still, they have maintained their separate genetic identity in their areas, although they are not separated by geographical barriers from very closely related neighbouring populations.10aAmphibia1 aSteinfartz, S.1 aVeith, M.1 aTautz, D. uhttps://icgf.myspecies.info/content/mitochondrial-sequence-analysis-salamandra-taxa-suggests-old-splits-major-lineages-and02492nas a2200229 4500008004100000245009100041210007100132300001400203490000700217520172600224653001301950100001401963700001701977700002801994700002102022700001202043700001402055700002102069700002202090700002002112856013002132 2005 eng d00aPhylogeography of two European newt species—discordance between mtDNA and morphology0 aPhylogeography of two European newt species—discordance between  a2475-24910 v143 aThe newts Triturus vulgaris and Triturus montandoni are sister species that exhibit contrasting levels of intraspecific morphological variation. Triturus vulgaris has a broad Eurasiatic distribution encompassing both formerly glaciated and unglaciated areas and shows substantial morphological differentiation in the southern part of its range, while T. montandoni, confined to the Carpathians, is morphologically uniform. We analysed sequence variation of two mtDNA fragments of the total length of c. 1850 bp in 285 individuals of both species collected from 103 localities. Phylogenetic analysis of 200 unique haplotypes defined 12 major clades, their age estimated at c. 4.5–1.0 million years (Myr). Most of the older clades were found in the southern part of the range, and also in central Europe, mainly in Romania. The distribution of mtDNA clades points to the existence of several glacial refugia, located in the Caucasus region, Anatolia, the Balkan Peninsula, Italy, and more to the north in central Europe. The concordance between mtDNA based phylogeny and the distribution of T. vulgaris subspecies was weak. Triturus montandoni haplotypes did not form a monophyletic group. Instead they were found in six clades, in five of them mixed with T. vulgaris haplotypes, most likely as a result of past or ongoing hybridization and multiple introgression of mtDNA from T. vulgaris to T. montandoni. Patterns of sequence variation within clades suggested long-term demographic stability in the southern groups, moderate and relatively old demographic growth in the populations inhabiting central Europe, and high growth in some of the groups that colonized northern parts of Europe after the last glacial maximum.10aAmphibia1 aBabik, W.1 aBranicki, W.1 aCrnobrnja-Isailovic, J.1 aCogalniceanu, D.1 aSas, I.1 aOlgun, K.1 aPoyarkov, N., A.1 aGarcia-ParÍs, M.1 aArntzen, J., W. uhttps://icgf.myspecies.info/content/phylogeography-two-european-newt-species%E2%80%94discordance-between-mtdna-and-morphology