00561nas a2200133   4500008004100000245012800041210006900169300001100238490000800249653000900257100001300266700001600279856013200295       1982                        eng d00aBiochemically detected sympatry of two water frog species: two different cases in the Adriatic Balkans (Amphibia, Ranidae).0 aBiochemically detected sympatry of two water frog species two di  a50-79.0 v13410aKAPE1 aHotz, H.1 aUzzell, Th.  uhttps://icgf.myspecies.info/content/biochemically-detected-sympatry-two-water-frog-species-two-different-cases-adriatic-balkans00564nas a2200145   4500008004100000245010600041210006900147300000900216490000800225653001300233100001500246700001300261700001600274856012800290       1994                        eng d00aTwo new water frog species from the Aegean islands Crete and Karpathos (Amphibia, Salentia, Ranidae).0 aTwo new water frog species from the Aegean islands Crete and Kar  a1-9.0 v47010aKAPE inc1 aBeerli, P.1 aHotz, H.1 aHeppich, U.  uhttps://icgf.myspecies.info/content/two-new-water-frog-species-aegean-islands-crete-and-karpathos-amphibia-salentia-ranidae02951nas a2200157   4500008004100000245008600041210006900127300001400196490000700210520240500217653001302622100001502635700001302650700001502663856011502678       1996                        eng d00aGeologically dated sea barriers calibrate a protein clock for Aegean water frogs.0 aGeologically dated sea barriers calibrate a protein clock for Ae  a1676-16870 v503 aReliable estimates of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times are a crucial requirement for many evolutionary studies, but are usually difficult because fossils are scarce and their interpretation is often uncertain. Frogs are fresh water animals that generally are unable to cross salt water  barriers (their skin is readily permeable to both salt and water). The geologically determined ages of salt water barriers that isolate related frog populations thus provide an independent measure of the minimum date of genetic divergence between pairs of such populations. For the genetically well-studied western Palearctic water frogs (Rana esculenta group), the Aegean region provides an ideal area for determining the relationship between genetic divergence and time of spatial isolation, using  a nested set of geologically determined isolation times (12,000 yr, 200,000 yr, 1.8 Myr, 2-3 Myr, and 5.2 Myr). Using 31 electrophoretic loci for 33 pairs of neighboring frog populations, a linear relationship between geologically determined isolation time and Hillis' modified Nei genetic distance was found: D*-Nei = (0.04 +- 0.01) + (0.10 +- 0.01) isolation time (Myr) corresponding to an average divergence rate ("molecular clock" pace) of 0.10 D*-Nei/Myr (0.10 D-Nei/Myr). This rate is in the range of previous estimates reported for protein electrophoretic data; the value is conservative because relatively few of the loci used are "fast evolvers" (13%; sAAT, ALB, EST-5, MPI). Removing these fast evolvers from the analysis  results in 0.08 D*-Nei/Myr (0.08 D-Nei/Myr). The confidence limits for estimation of the ivergence time given the genetic distance are large, but  unusually narrow for this kind of study; they permit us to estimate divergence times during the Pliocene and Miocene. Few previous studies, including sequence analyses, have provided reasonable estimates of divergence  time for the Pliocene. A test using the outgroup taxa Rana perezi and Rana saharica (also isolated for 5.2 Myr by the Strait of Gibraltar) fits the calibration well: observed genetic Nei distance D*-Nei = 0.55, expected D*-Nei = 0.56. The calculated divergence times, based on this absolute molecular clock, suggest a series of speciation events after the Messinian (5.2 Myr), possibly triggered by the rapid ecological changes accompanying the desiccation and refilling of the Mediterranean Basin.10aAmphibia1 aBeerli, P.1 aHotz, H.1 aUzzell, T.  uhttps://icgf.myspecies.info/content/geologically-dated-sea-barriers-calibrate-protein-clock-aegean-water-frogs