@article {14181,
	title = {Variation in adult survival rate of the tortoise <i>Testudo hermanni </i>in Greece: Implications for evolution of body size},
	journal = {Journal of ZoologyJournal of Zoology},
	volume = {255},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 8Export Date: 6 September 2006Source: ScopusReferences: Adolph, S.C., Porter, W.P., Temperature, activity, and lizard life histories (1993) Am. Nat., 142, pp. 273-295; Avery, R.A., Thermoregulation, metabolism and social behaviour in Lacertidae (1976) Morphology and biology of reptiles, pp. 245-259. , Bellairs, A. d{\textquoteright}A. \& Cox, C. B. (Eds). London: Academic Press; Begon, M., Harper, J.L., Townsend, C.R., (1986) Ecology: individuals, populations and communities, , Oxford: Blackwell Scientific; Bertness, M.D., Garrity, S.D., Levings, S.C., Predation pressure and gastropod foraging: A tropical-temperate comparison (1981) Evolution, 35, pp. 995-1007; Beshkov, V.A., Record-sized tortoises, Testudo graeca ibera and Testudo hermanni boettgeri, from Bulgaria (1997) Chelonian Conserv. Biol., 2, pp. 593-596; Brooks, R.J., Brown, G.P., Galbraith, D.A., Effects of a sudden increase in natural mortality of adults on a population of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) (1991) Can. J. Zool., 69, pp. 1314-1320; Brown, R.P., Thorpe, R.S., Within-island microgeographic variation in body dimensions and scalation of the skink Chalcides sexlineatus, with testing of causal hypotheses (1991) Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 44, pp. 47-64; Cloudsley-Thompson, J.L., (1994) Predation and defence amongst reptiles, , Taunton: R \& A Publishing; Cody, M.L., A general theory of clutch size (1966) Evolution, 20, pp. 174-184; Condgon, J.D., Van Loben Sels, R.C., Growth and body size in Blanding{\textquoteright}s turtles (Emydoidea blandingii): Relationships to reproduction (1991) Can. J. Zool., 69, pp. 239-245; Cooch, E.G., Pradel, R., Nur, N., (1997) A practical guide to mark-recapture analysis using SURGE. 2nd edn., , Montpellier: Centre d{\textquoteright}Ecologie Fonctionelle et Evolutive - CNRS; Dunham, A.E., Miles, D.B., Patterns of covariation in life history traits of squamate reptiles: The effects of size and phylogeny reconsidered (1985) Am. Nat., 126, pp. 231-257; Fawcett, M.H., Local and latitudinal variation in predation on an herbivorous snail (1984) Ecology, 65, pp. 1214-1230; Ferguson, G.W., Brockman, T., Geographic differences of growth rate of Sceloporus lizards (1980) Copeia, 1980, pp. 259-264; Gibbons, J.W., Why do turtles live so long? (1987) BioScience, 37, pp. 262-269; Grant, B.W., Dunham, A.E., Elevational covariation in environmental constraints and life histories of the desert lizard Sceloporus merriami (1990) Ecology, 71, pp. 1765-1776; Guyot, G., Clobert, J., Conservation measures for a population of Hermann{\textquoteright}s tortoise Testudo hermanni in southern France bisected by a major highway (1997) Biol. Conserv., 79, pp. 251-256; Hailey, A., Population ecology and conservation of tortoises: The estimation of density, and dynamics of a small population (1988) Herpetol. J., 1, pp. 263-271; Hailey, A., Adult survival and recruitment and the explanation of an uneven sex ratio in a tortoise population (1990) Can. J. Zool., 68, pp. 547-555; Hailey, A., The effects of fire and mechanical habitat destruction on survival of the tortoise Testudo hermanni in northern Greece (2000) Biol. Conserv., 92, pp. 321-333; Hailey, A., Implications of high intrinsic growth rate of a tortoise population for conservation (2000) Anim. Conserv., 3, pp. 185-189; Hailey, A., Coulson, I.M., Temperature and the tropical tortoise Kinixys spekii: Constraints on activity level and body temperature (1996) J. Zool. (Lond.), 240, pp. 523-536; Hailey, A., Coulson, I.M., The growth pattern of the African tortoise Geochelone pardalis and other chelonians (1999) Can. J. Zool., 77, pp. 181-193; Hailey, A., Loumbourdis, N.S., Egg size and shape, clutch dynamics, and reproductive effort in European tortoises (1988) Can. J. Zool, 66, pp. 1527-1536; Hailey, A., Loumbourdis, N.S., Population ecology and conservation of tortoises: Demographic aspects of reproduction in Testudo hermanni (1990) Herpetol. J., 1, pp. 425-434; Hailey, A., Willemsen, R.E., Population density and adult sex ratio of the tortoise Testudo hermanni in Greece: Evidence for intrinsic population regulation (2000) J. Zool. (Lond.), 251, pp. 325-338; Harvey, P.H., Zammuto, R.M., Patterns of mortality and age at first reproduction in natural populations of mammals (1985) Nature (Lond.), 315, pp. 319-320; Iverson, J.B., Patterns of survivorship in turtles (order Testudines) (1991) Can. J. Zool., 69, pp. 385-391; Jeanne, R.L., A latitudinal gradient in rates of ant predation (1979) Ecology, 60, pp. 1211-1224; Lambert, M.R.K., The Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise, Testudo graeca, in the wild and in trade (1980) European Herpetological Symposium 1980 Proceedings, pp. 17-23. , Coborn, J. (Ed.). Burford: Cotswold Wild Life Park; Lambert, M.R.K., Campbell, K.L.I., Kabigumila, J.D., On growth and morphometrics of leopard tortoises, Geochelone pardalis, in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, with observations on effects of bushfires and latitudinal variation in populations of eastern Africa (1998) Chelonian Conserv. Biol., 3, pp. 46-57; MacArthur, R.H., (1972) Geographical ecology: patterns in the distribution of species, , New York: Harper \& Row; Mayr, E., (1982) The growth of biological thought, , Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; Medawar, P., (1982) Pluto{\textquoteright}s republic, , Oxford: Oxford University Press; Naveh, Z., Effects of fire in the Mediterranean region (1974) Fire and ecosystems, pp. 401-434. , Kozlowski, T. T. \& Ahlgren, C. E. (Eds). New York: Academic Press; Niewiarowski, P.H., Roosenburg, W., Reciprocal transplant reveals sources of variation in growth rates of the lizard Sceloporus undulatus (1993) Ecology, 74, pp. 1992-2002; Paine, R.T., Food web complexity and species diversity (1966) Am. Nat., 100, pp. 65-75; Palmer, A.R., Fish predation and the evolution of gastropod shell sculpture: Experimental and geographic evidence (1979) Evolution, 33, pp. 697-713; Peterson, C.C., Different rates and causes of high mortality in two populations of the threatened desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii (1994) Biol. Conserv., 70, pp. 101-108; Pollock, K.H., Nichols, J.D., Browne, C., Hines, J.E., Statistical inference for capture-recapture experiments (1990) Wildl. Monogr., 107, pp. 1-97; Rohlf, F.J., Sokal, R.R., (1981) Statistical tables. 2nd edn., , San Francisco: Freeman; Rypstra, A.L., A relative measure of predation on web-spiders in temperate and tropical forests (1984) Oikos, 43, pp. 129-132; Saether, B., Pattern of covariation between life-history traits of European birds (1988) Nature (Lond.), 331, pp. 616-617; Shine, R., Iverson, J.B., Patterns of survival, growth and maturation in turtles (1995) Oikos, 72, pp. 343-348; Sinervo, B., Adolph, S.C., Thermal sensitivity of growth rate in hatchling Sceloporus lizards: Environmental, behavioral and genetic aspects (1989) Oecologia (Berl.), 78, pp. 411-419; Sorci, G., Clobert, J., Belichon, S., Phenotypic plasticity of growth and survival in the common lizard Lacerta vivipara (1996) J. Anim. Ecol., 65, pp. 781-790; St Clair, R., Gregory, P.T., Macartney, J.M., How do sexual differences in growth and maturation interact to determine size in northern and southern painted turtles? (1994) Can. J. Zool., 72, pp. 1436-1443; Stearns, S.C., The effects of size and phylogeny on patterns of covariation in the life history traits of lizards and snakes (1984) Am. Nat., 123, pp. 56-72; Stearns, S.C., Crandall, R.E., Quantitative predictions of delayed maturity (1981) Evolution, 35, pp. 455-463; Stubbs, D., Hailey, A., Pulford, E., Tyler, W., Population ecology of European tortoises: Review of field techniques (1984) Amphib.-Reptilia, 5, pp. 57-68; Thorpe, R.S., Baez, M., Geographic variation within an island: Univariate and multivariate contouring of scalation, size, and shape of the lizard Gallotia galloti (1987) Evolution, 41, pp. 256-268; Thorpe, R.S., Brown, R.P., Micogeographic clines in the size of mature male Gallotia galloti (Squamata: Lacertidae) (1991) Herpetologica, 47, pp. 28-37; Tinkle, D.W., The life and demography of the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana (1967) Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 132, pp. 1-182; Tinkle, D.W., Ballinger, R.E., Sceloporus undulatus: A study of the intraspecific comparative demography of a lizard (1972) Ecology, 53, pp. 570-584; Turner, F.B., Medica, P.A., Lyons, C.L., Reproduction and survival of the desert tortoise (Scaptochelys agassizii) in Ivanpah Valley, California (1984) Copeia, 1984, pp. 811-820; Wilbur, H.M., Tinkle, D.W., Collins, J.P., Environmental certainty, trophic level, and resource availability in life history evolution (1974) Am. Nat., 108, pp. 805-817; Willemsen, R.E., Hailey, A., Status and conservation of tortoises in Greece (1989) Herpetol. J., 1, pp. 315-330; Willemsen, R.E., Hailey, A., Variation of adult body size of the tortoise Testudo hermanni in Greece: Proximate and ultimate causes (1999) J. Zool. (Lond.), 248, pp. 379-396; Willemsen, R.E., Hailey, A., A latitudinal cline of dark plastral pigmentation in the tortoise Testudo hermanni in Greece (1999) Herpetol. J., 9, pp. 125-132; Willemsen, R.E., Hailey, A., Effects of the herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on a population of the tortoise Testudo hermanni in southern Greece (2001) Environ. Pollut., 113, pp. 71-78; Williams, G.C., (1966) Adaptation and natural selection, , Princeton: Princeton University Press; Williams, G.C., Natural selection, the costs of reproduction, and a refinement of Lack{\textquoteright}s principle (1966) Am. Nat., 100, pp. 687-690; Wilson, B.S., Latitudinal variation in activity season mortality rates of the lizard Uta stansburiana (1991) Ecol. Monogr., 61, pp. 393-414.},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {43-53},
	abstract = {Adult annual survival rates estimated by mark-recapture for eight Greek populations of the tortoise Testudo hermanni were in the range 0.80-1.0 (mean 0.886). Estimates from growth rings for the same populations were in a similar range (0.84-0.95, mean 0.899). The average survival rate from the two methods was significantly positively related to mean adult body size (r = 0.815) and negatively related to effective temperature (r = -0.880). A life table model was used to investigate the consequences of adult survival rate for optimum age at maturity and mean adult size of females. The basis of the model was the trade-off between increased reproduction from large adult size, and decreased survival to maturity from delayed age at maturity. The model showed that the observed variation in adult survival rates was more than sufficient to account for the variation of adult size among populations. The model thus predicted an even greater range of mean adult size than that observed. A negative correlation between growth rate and adult survival rate or age at maturity, as observed, was needed to fit the size data. The model supports the hypothesis that variation in adult size of T. hermanni in Greece is adaptive (rather than a non-adaptive environmental or phylogenetic effect) and due to variation in adult survival rates (rather than other factors such as juvenile survival).},
	keywords = {Body size, Growth rate, life history, Life table, Reptilia, Survival rate, Testudo hermanni},
	author = {Willemsen, R.E. and Hailey, A.}
}
