@article {14180, title = {Variation of adult body size of the tortoise Testudo hermanni in Greece: Proximate and ultimate causes}, journal = {Journal of ZoologyJournal of Zoology}, volume = {248}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, note = {Cited By (since 1996): 34Export Date: 6 September 2006Source: ScopusReferences: Allee, W.C., Park, O., Emerson, A.E., Park, T., Schmidt, K.P., (1949) Principles of Animal Ecology, , Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; Archer, W.H., The mountain tortoise (1948) Afr. Wildl., 2 (2), pp. 75-78; Archer, W.H., The mountain tortoise (1948) Afr. Wildl., 2 (3), pp. 74-77; Avery, R.A., Thermoregulation, metabolism and social behaviour in Lacertidae (1976) Morphology and Biology of Reptiles, pp. 245-259. , Bellairs, A. d{\textquoteright} A. \& Cox, C. B. (Eds). London: Academic Press; Avery, R.A., Activity patterns, thermoregulation and food consumption in two sympatric lizard species from central Italy (1978) J. Anim. 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The age at maturity ({\'a}) increased with body size in the 17 populations, while the Bertalanffy growth constant (k) decreased with body size. The quantities {\'a}M and M/k (where M is the instantaneous mortality rate) were invariant with body size, suggesting that differences between populations were adaptive rather than the result of short-term disturbance. Body size was greater in cooler areas, and increased with both latitude and altitude. This pattern is opposite to that found in most ectotherms (the reverse Bergmann{\textquoteright}s rule), and to that which occurs between tortoise species. Several hypotheses about the possible ultimate causes of variation of body size were rejected, including adaptation to long-term habitat disturbance (land use), character displacement, social factors, energetics, thermoregulation, r-K selection, the length of the season available for incubation, or differences in juvenile mortality. The most likely ultimate cause of size variation between sites is differences in adult mortality, the correlation with environmental temperature being through the frequency of fires.}, keywords = {Body size, Geographic variation, growth, Life history invariants, Reptilia, temperature, Testudo hermanni}, author = {Willemsen, R.E. and Hailey, A.} } @article {14181, title = {Variation in adult survival rate of the tortoise Testudo hermanni in Greece: Implications for evolution of body size}, journal = {Journal of ZoologyJournal of Zoology}, volume = {255}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, note = {Cited By (since 1996): 8Export Date: 6 September 2006Source: ScopusReferences: Adolph, S.C., Porter, W.P., Temperature, activity, and lizard life histories (1993) Am. Nat., 142, pp. 273-295; Avery, R.A., Thermoregulation, metabolism and social behaviour in Lacertidae (1976) Morphology and biology of reptiles, pp. 245-259. , Bellairs, A. d{\textquoteright}A. \& Cox, C. B. (Eds). 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The average survival rate from the two methods was significantly positively related to mean adult body size (r = 0.815) and negatively related to effective temperature (r = -0.880). A life table model was used to investigate the consequences of adult survival rate for optimum age at maturity and mean adult size of females. The basis of the model was the trade-off between increased reproduction from large adult size, and decreased survival to maturity from delayed age at maturity. The model showed that the observed variation in adult survival rates was more than sufficient to account for the variation of adult size among populations. The model thus predicted an even greater range of mean adult size than that observed. A negative correlation between growth rate and adult survival rate or age at maturity, as observed, was needed to fit the size data. The model supports the hypothesis that variation in adult size of T. hermanni in Greece is adaptive (rather than a non-adaptive environmental or phylogenetic effect) and due to variation in adult survival rates (rather than other factors such as juvenile survival).}, keywords = {Body size, Growth rate, life history, Life table, Reptilia, Survival rate, Testudo hermanni}, author = {Willemsen, R.E. and Hailey, A.} } @article {12898, title = {Variation in morphology and reproduction in loggerheads, Caretta caretta, nesting in the United States, Brazil, and Greece}, journal = {HerpetologicaHerpetologica}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, note = {Cited By (since 1996): 6Export Date: 6 September 2006Source: ScopusReferences: Ackerman, R.A., Physiological and ecological aspects of gas exchange by sea turtle eggs (1977) American Zoologist, 20, pp. 575-583; Andre, J.B., West, L., Nesting and management of the Atlantic loggerhead, Caretta caretta caretta (Linnaeus) (Testudines: Cheloniidae) on Cape Island, South Carolina, in 1979 (1981) Brimleyana, 6, pp. 73-82; De Azevedo, M.A.S., (1983), Projeto Tartaruga Marinha. 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We quantified differences in morphology and reproductive output of loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, nesting in Florida (temperate population), Brazil (tropical population), and Greece (Mediterranean population). Body size of nesting loggerheads, dutch size, egg size (diameter and mass), and nest dimensions were measured. Straight carapace lengths of nesting loggerheads in Florida and Brazil were not significantly different, but Greek turtles were smaller than those in the two Atlantic populations. Clutch size comparisons showed that Greek turtles produced the largest clutches relative to body size, followed by Brazil and Florida. Egg size varied significantly among the three populations. Nest dimensions were similar between Florida and Greece, whereas only depth of topmost egg and width of nest chamber were similar between Greece and Brazil. Differences among populations indicate that each population experiences and responds to a different combination of selective factors both at and away from the nesting beach. Morphological and reproductive data on other loggerhead populations were compiled from the literature and examined for latitudinal trends in all ocean basins and within the Atlantic-Mediterranean. A significant negative correlation was found between latitude and both body size and egg size in all ocean basins and within the Atlantic-Mediterranean. No correlation was found between clutch size and latitude. Correlations were not significant when Mediterranean data were excluded from the analyses, suggesting that sea turtles in the Mediterranean encounter environmental conditions significantly different from those experienced by oceanic populations. Reproductive output in loggerheads was found to support the optimal egg size theory. This study highlights important differences among populations and emphasizes the need for conserving genetic and phenotypic variation in marine turtle populations.}, keywords = {Body size, Brazil, Caretta caretta, Clutch size, Egg size, Florida, Greece, Latitudinal variation, Loggerhead sea turtles, morphology, Nest dimensions, reproduction, Reptilia}, author = {Tiwari, M. and Bjorndal, K.A.} }