02268nas a2200265   4500008004100000245011900041210006900160260001200229300001300241490000600254520142300260653000901683653001501692653001001707653002101717653001101738653001901749653001401768653002201782100002301804700001601827700001601843700001901859856012401878       2005                        eng d00aPopulation structure and loss of genetic diversity in the endangered white-headed duck, <i>Oxyura leucocephala</i>0 aPopulation structure and loss of genetic diversity in the endang  c2005///  a999-10150 v63 aThe white-headed duck is a globally threatened species native to the Palaearctic with a range extending from Spain in the west to the western edge of China in the east. Its populations have become fragmented and undergone major declines in recent decades. To study genetic differences between populations across the range and change in genetic diversity over time, we sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region from 67 museum specimens (years 1861-1976) as well as 39 contemporary samples from Spain and seven from Greece (years 1992-2003). In the historical sample, we found a lack of significant genetic structure between populations in different areas. We found evidence that the species experienced a rapid expansion in the past, perhaps from glacial refugia centred around the Mediterranean following the last ice age. In Spain, the population went through a dramatic bottleneck in the 1970s and early 1980s, when only a few dozens individuals remained in the wild. Although population size has since recovered to a few thousand individuals, we found a highly significant loss of mitochondrial haplotype diversity between the historical and contemporary samples. Given ongoing declines in other areas, losses in genetic diversity that may reduce the adaptive potential of white-headed ducks in the future are a continuing concern throughout the geographic range of this species. © Springer 2006.10aAves10aBottleneck10amtDNA10amuseum specimens10aOxyura10aphylogeography10awaterfowl10aWhite-Headed Duck1 aMuñoz-Fuentes, V.1 aGreen, A.J.1 aNegro, J.J.1 aSorenson, M.D.  uhttps://icgf.myspecies.info/content/population-structure-and-loss-genetic-diversity-endangered-white-headed-duck-oxyura02833nas a2200361   4500008004500000020001400045245014600059210006900205260000800274300001200282490000800294520171200302653002602014653001502040653002102055653001702076653000802093653001002101653002202111653001502133653001602148653002002164653002202184653001502206653000902221653001002230653002802240653001402268100002302282700001802305700002102323856012702344       2008                        Engldsh    a0019-101900aComparing the genetics of wild and captive populations of White-headed Ducks <i>Oxyura leucocephala</i>: consequences for recovery programmes0 aComparing the genetics of wild and captive populations of Whiteh  cOct  a807-8150 v1503 aThe White-headed Duck is a globally threatened species historically recorded from Spain in the west to China in the east. It has suffered major population declines, local extinctions and range fragmentation. Several projects have attempted to reintroduce captive-bred birds into parts of the former range in Europe, but with little success. Two captive stocks currently exist, one originating from Pakistan in 1968 and the other originating from Spain in 1982. This study compares the suitability of these captive stocks for specific reintroduction projects by using 11 microsatellite markers and mtDNA control region sequences to assess genetic differences between captive populations and wild birds from Spain and Greece. No significant population structure was found and all microsatellite alleles recorded in captive birds originating from Pakistan were also observed in the wild Spanish population. A higher diversity of alleles was observed in wild birds from Greece than from Spain, probably due to the effects of a strong bottleneck experienced in Spain in the 1970s. Compared with wild populations, both captive stocks have suffered a significant loss of diversity in microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA owing to founder effects and/or genetic drift, and therefore may not be well suited for release programmes. We recommend the development of a more diverse captive breeding programme based on birds taken from different areas of the range, in particular by supplementing the Spanish population with birds from North Africa. Our study shows the value of molecular tools in developing conservation programmes for threatened bird species and has implications for the design of recovery programmes.10aALLELE FREQUENCY DATA10aBottleneck10aCOMPUTER-PROGRAM10aconservation10aDNA10adrift10aGENOTYPING ERRORS10ainbreeding10aJAMAICENSIS10amicrosatellites10aMitochondrial DNA10aRUDDY DUCK10asize10aspain10aTHREATENED MARBLED TEAL10awaterfowl1 aMuñoz-Fuentes, V.1 aGreen, A., J.1 aSorenson, M., D.  uhttps://icgf.myspecies.info/content/comparing-genetics-wild-and-captive-populations-white-headed-ducks-oxyura-leucocephala